300 The term Pict is first recorded

The Picts were a tribal confederation of Celtic peoples during the Late Iron Age and Early Medieval periods living in ancient eastern and northern Scotland. The place where they lived and what their culture was like can be inferred from the geographical distribution of brochs, Brythonic place name elements, and Pictish stones. Picts are assumed to have been the descendants of the Caledonii and other tribes that were mentioned by Roman historians or on the world map of Ptolemy. Pictland, also called Pictavia by some sources, gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). Alba then expanded, absorbing the Brythonic kingdom of Strathclyde and Bernician Lothian, and by the 11th century the Pictish identity had been subsumed into the "Scots" amalgamation of peoples.

163 Romans withdraw south to Trimontium and Hadrian's Wall

Trimontium is the name of a Roman fort at Newstead, near Melrose, Scottish Borders, close under the three Eildon Hills (whence the name trium montium). It was an advance post of the Romans in the Roman province of Valentia. Trimontium was occupied by the Romans intermittently from 80 to 211. At the height of the Roman occupation of the fort, no more than 1500 soldiers and a smaller civilian population lived in the settlement. The fort was laid out as a standard Roman fort. It has three layers of defences, the first being the central fort itself with its earthen defences built during the 1st century. The second layer is a series of four ditches built during the last part of the 2nd century. There is an additional series of walls and trenches in the west annex.

143 Romans construct the Antonine Wall

The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the Romans across what is now the Central Beltof Scotland. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Northern Britain. Its ruins are less evident than the better known Hadrian's Wall to the south. Construction began at the order of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius, and took about 12 years to complete. In 208 Emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs; this has led to the wall being referred to as the Severan Wall. The occupation ended a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are still visible. Many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

83 Battle of Mons Graupius

The Battle of Mons Graupius was a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle remains a matter of debate. Even though the Romans were outnumbered in their campaign against the tribes of Britain, they often had difficulties in getting their foes to face them in open battle. The Caledonii were the last unconquered British tribe (and were never fully subdued). After many years of avoiding the fight, the Caledonians were forced to join battle when the Romans marched on the main granaries of the Caledonians, just as they had been filled from the harvest. The Caledonians had no choice but to fight, or starve over the next winter.